Jiangsu has several sites and buildings associated with the revolution of the Chinese people. Perhaps the best known of these to Westerners is the Presidential Palace in Nanjing, an important site of the first republic of China. There are also sites and memorials to the campaigns of the People’s Liberation Army in cities such as Xuzhou and Yancheng, and in other parts of Jiangsu. These have most recently been called an element of “red tourism.”
                                                                                                 
Memorial Garden of Huaihai Campaign
The Memorial Garden of Huaihai Campaign was built in memory of the Huaihai Campaign (11.6, 1948-1.10, 1949) -- one of the three decisive campaigns for the Chinese Communist Party's final victory in the liberation war. Located in a large park on the southern edge of town, the memorial was prepared in 1959 and opened to the public in 1965. The memorial boasts a collection of more than 15,000 pieces of cultural relics, of which 79 items belong to Class One collection. It altogether exhibits more than 2,000 cultural relics, photos, graphs and paintings, etc. The projection room in the memorial plays historical films about the Huaihai Campaign to visitors. The exhibition hall on the special topic of People and Army in Xuzhou Support Each Other displays 15 inscriptions by proletarian revolutionists, about 500 photos and 40 real objects.

Covering 770 square meters with a parterre, a square and a lake, the park includes five main parts: Monument to Martyrs in Huaihai Campaign, Memorial of the Campaign, Statue of the Five Generals, National Defense Education Museum, and Steles.

The Monument to Martyrs of Huaihai Campaign: Facing to the south, the Monument is situated on the slope of the hill, standing in the axes of the park with a height of 38.15 meters. The gold-plating inscriptions by Chairman Mao are set in the front of the monument, which is enclosed by cloisters and pavilions. In the marble wall of the south and north cloisters, the inscriptions by the leaders and the names of the martyrs are engraved. The relief sculptures on the base of the monument depict the grand scenes of the battlefields of the Huaihai Campaign.

The Memorial of the New 4th Army
The memorial hall is the largest memorial division of the Fourth Army military unit, founded during the Anti-Japanese War in World War II. The hall is mainly comprised of three parts: the old army headquarters, the old square where the army was founded and the memorial facilities. The hall has collected an enormous diversity of historical documents, photographs, paintings, statues and more in association with the army’s historical development.

The army was established on December 25, 1937, in Hankou during the anti-Japanese war and was a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. General Ye Ting was the army commander; General Xiang Ying was the deputy army commander. The army was heavily damaged during the conflict with other fractions of the National Revolutionary Army. It was fully reorganized later and remained in active combat until the end of the war.

Nanjing Presidential Palace
The Presidential Palace in Nanjing, China, housed the Office of the President of the Republic of China before moving to Taiwan in 1949. It is now a museum, the China Modern History Museum. It is located at 292 Changjiang Road, in the Xuanwu District of Nanjing.

The history of the place dates back to 600 years ago, and the site was the mansion of Prince of Han during the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty it became the office of the Viceroy of Jiangnan and Jiangxi. In March 1853, the Taiping peasant army conquered Nanjing and established their regime known as “The Kingdom of Heavenly Peace.” Hong Xiuquan, the Heavenly King of the regime, claimed the former palace and ordered it enlarged. In 1864, Zeng Guofan, the military commander of the Qing Empire, attacked and cracked down the Taiping army. In 1912, Dr. Sun Yat-sen was elected the Provisional President of the Republic, and changed the west garden of the palace into the Presidential Residence. In 1928, the palace became the administration office of the republic government.

There were two wings in the Presidential Palace. The Executive Yuan (Council) of the Nationalist Government was located in the East Wing and its main military authorities in the West Wing. Opposite the archway is a screen wall, inside which there is a memorial tablet of the 100th anniversary of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Behind the archway is a house of 17 bays on either side. Then it is the palace of five bays, each with a width of 35.2 meters and a depth of 13.4 meters. Before the palace is a house with a width of 26 meters and a depth of 4.6 meters. In front of the house is a platform with a width of 26 meters and a depth of 10 meters. The side walls of the platform are built with limestone and lined with city wall bricks of the Ming Dynasty glued together with yellow clay and lime. Behind the palace are the hallway and the room for keeping warm. On the sides of the hallway are three rows of halls.

On April 27 2005, the Chairman of Kuomintang, Lien Chan, visited the Palace on his trip to Mainland China, marking a symbolic return of the party to the Palace for the first time in 58 years.

Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
The Mausoleum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen is situated at the foot of the second peak of Mount Zijin (Purple Mountain) in Nanjing. Construction of the tomb started in January of 1926 and was finished in spring of 1929. The architect was Lu Yanzhi, who died shortly after it was finished. It has since been designated a national tourist site. The 73-meter-tall mausoleum, situated 159 meters above sea level, is composed of a 392 flagstone stairway, a pavilion with a stone tablet under its roof, a memorial hall and the tomb. A marble statue of the deceased in a reclining position is placed in the tomb chamber and beneath the statue are his remains. The entire layout, which covers 80,000 square meters, takes the shape of a giant bell, looking solemn and breathtaking between a vast plain and a background of green mountains.

Dr. Sun was born in Guangdong province of China on November 12th, 1866, and died in 1925 in Beijing, China. On April 23rd, 1929，the Chinese government appointed He Yingqin to be in charge of laying Dr. Sun to rest. On May 26th, the coffin departed from Beijing, and on May 28th, it arrived in Nanjing. On June 1st, 1929, Dr. Sun was buried there. Sun, considered to be the "Father of Modern China" both in mainland China and in Taiwan, fought against the imperial Qing government and after the 1911 revolution ended the monarch reign system and founded the Republic of China.

On 27 April 2005, then-Kuomintang Chairman Lien Chan, his wife, and other KMT members visited the Mausoleum. It was the first visit of KMT members to the site since 1949. On 15 November 2006, another visit was made to the Mausoleum by Dr. Sun's granddaughter, Sun Huiying, who was by then over 80 years old.

Yuhua Terrace
Yuhua Terrace is in the southern part of the city outside the Zhonghua Men gate on a 100-meter high hill. A legend tells the story of a Buddhist monk who, in the 4th century, held such a moving sermon that it rained flowers from the sky. Many colorful pebbles, called Yuhua Shi, can still be found in this area. Their colors are showed off to their best advantage if the stones are put into a glass of water.

During the years 1927-1949, Yuhua Tai was an execution ground for revolutionaries. Altogether, more than 100,000 people are said to have been executed here on the orders of Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang party. A stele was erected in memory of these 100,000 people after the revolution. The inscription reads: “Eternal life to the martyrs of the revolution.”

Nanjing Massacre Memorial and Museum
The Memorial Hall for Compatriots killed in the Nanjing Massacre by Japanese forces is located in the southwestern corner of Nanjing known as Jiangdongmen, which used to be one of the execution grounds and mass burial places of the cruel holocaust.

Occupying an area about 28,000 square meters with a floor space for 3,000, it was built in 1985 in memory of the 300,000 victims in the event. Later, in 1995 it was enlarged and renovated. The buildings in the complex are fashioned out of black and white granite blocks, looking spectacular and magnificent, rendering a feeling of solemnity and reverence. It is an exhibition site with historical records and objects as well as architecture, sculptures and video and film projections to unfold a specific chapter of history concerning one of the ugliest experiences forced on mankind.

The memorial consists of three parts: the outdoor exhibits, the remaining bones of the killed and the museum for historical material displaying. In the outdoor sector, group sculptures, full-length statues, relief carvings, signboards, monuments, redeeming and repentant tablets, withered trees and broken walls as well as a wall carved with the names of part of the victims so far that have been located cluster together with green shrubs and lawns to suggest a graveyard-style architecture with the themes of life and death, grief and indignation. A building shaped like a coffin is to shelter some of the victims’ bones excavated from the pits of thousands of bodies right in the site when the memorial was in construction. The museum lies half buried in the ground like a colossal tomb. Inside, an immense collection of pictures, objects, charts and photographs relate the horror of the Rape of Nanjing. Through a versatility of means for exhibitions such as lighted cabinets, sand trays, clay moldings, oil paintings, micro-computers appliances, documentary shows and so on, the tragedy of the cruel holocaust in Nanjing are pictured and recounted.

Past experience, if not forgotten, is the guide for the future. The Nanjing Memorial has become an important site for international communities to pray for peace as well as a site for historical and cultural exchanges. In China, it is also a national demonstrative educational base for patriotism.

Memorial Hall for Delegation of Communist Party of China in Meiyuan Xincun
The Memorial Hall for Delegation of Communist Party of China in Meiyuan Xincun, a memorial museum of the Chinese revolution prepared in 1954 and opened restrictedly in 1960, is located at Nanjing.

The Building 17, Building 30 and Building 35 at the Meiyuan Xincun were the organ seats of the CPC Delegation for carrying out peace talks with the KMT regime during May 1946 to March 1947; Building 30 and Building 35 were the residences of Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Li Weihan, Liao Chengzhi and Deng Yingchao, leading members of the Delegation, and Qian Ying, Head of the Organization Department of Nanjing Bureau; and Building 17 was the working body of the Delegation.

The memorial hall has a collection of 1,170 items of historical relics, of which 100 are Class One relics, including an article written by Mao Zedong To Reform Our Study with Zhou Enlai's own signature on the cover, which was always carried around for reading by Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Liao Chengzhi, Deng Yingchao from May 1942. In addition, there is also a bronze ink box for Chinese calligraphy presented to Dong Biwu by Ye Jianying, Li Kenong and Xu Bing when they were working at the Military Reconciliation Department in Beiping (today's Beijing) in 1946. On the top of the bronze ink box the Lantingji Xu (Preface to Poems Composed at Lanting Gathering) is engraved as well as the names of the sender and the name of the recipient.

The memorial hall stands mainly at the original location and keeps the original appearance. On display are 163 photos and 90 items of historical relics and documents related to the peace talks held in Nanjing between the CPC and the KMT. The memorial hall has collected and published successively the Collection of CPC Delegation's Documents in Talks, the Chronology of CPC Delegation in Talks and the photo album of the CPC Delegation in Nanjing.

Former Residence of Premier Zhou Enlai
It is located in the northwestern corner of Zhenhuai Tower in Chuzhou District and it is composed of two houses connecting from east to west. The house in the east, near the Fuma Lane is the place where Zhou Enlai was born and spent his childhood. The house in the west, near the Linqu lane, now is selected as “the memorial exhibition of comrade Zhou Enlai”.

Entering the gate of east courtyard of Enlai Former Residence, the right hand is the reading place for Enlai in his childhood; there are desks and stools that he used in studying (restored in accordance with their original shape). Turn left and enter another courtyard; there are two main doors for entering the bedroom in the south. The inner chamber is the place where Enlai was born and his parents lived in their days. In this courtyard there are the bedroom of his mother with the surname Chen and the bedroom of his foster nurse with the surname Jiang; there is a vegetable garden where Zhou Enlai did planting in his childhood; near this garden is a well, and the little barrel that he used then is still there beside the well.

In the west courtyard, “the memorial exhibition of comrade Zhou Enlai” is divided into three parts: (1) youth period of Zhou Enlai (2) the brilliant deeds of Zhou Enlai (3) people in the hometown yearning for Premier Zhou. There are more than 200 pictures collected for this exhibition including a paper knife Zhou Enlai used when he was young and his handwriting in inscribing motto to Huai’an County Party Committee after the liberation and other precious cultural relics.

The vacant lot in the back yard of the former residence is covered with verdant and luxuriant pines and cypresses, of which there is a pine named “Tong huai Zhou” planted by teachers and students of Beijing Sanlitun NO. 2 Middle School together with Huai’an Shaohu Primary School in May of 1979, a cypress plated by 33 comrades of the primary Xin’an touring party in 1979 and also cherry trees present by the former Japanese prime minister Tanaka Kakuei. And in the back yard against the wall the Zhou Enlai Handwriting Stele Corridor is built.

Exhibition Hall of the Relics of Zhou Enlai
North of Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall is a modern building integrated with classic style. This hall covers 11,000 m2 and the construction area is 6200 m2. It is a forever memorial project in the hometown of Zhou Enlai, in memory of a century of Zhou Enlai’s birth.

Exhibition hall of the Relics of Zhou Enlai is a two-storey building like a Chinese character “回”(read as “hui”); It is made up of the upper Xihua Hall characterized by classic building, the lower exhibition hall characterized by modern building and the garden; it is a typical buildings group integrating modern and classic styles.

The upper courtyard with building on four sides “Xihua Hall” is designed and constructed according to the same style of Xihua Hall in Beijing Zhong Nan Hai where Zhou Enlai had been living and working for as long as 25 years; and also it is arranged according to the living and working place of Zhou Enlai when he was served as the premier of State Department. The front hall is a reception hall while the back hall contains offices, sports room, bedroom and safe guardian room, etc. The lower layer is used to display the relics of Zhou Enlai and some calligraphy and paintings by famous people in singing the praises of the great deeds and achievements of Premier Zhou. Inside of the Zhongting Garden covering 1300 m2 there are rockery, waterside pavilions, little bridge and Chinese cherry trees and pomegranate trees that Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao enjoyed during their lifetime.

Zhou Enlai Reception Hall is located in the front of the upper building, and under its eaves is hanging a black stele inscribed with golden characters “Xihua Hall”; it is a place for Zhou Enlai receiving foreign guests and holding important events involving state affairs. Now the carpet, curtains, sofas, tea tables, scrolls covered with glass, Chinese ink painting in the middle hall and some other relics are all the original items that Zhou Enlai once used in his life.

The exhibition hall in the lower layer has 5 halls for exhibition, and besides the preface hall, it has eight topics, striving for ambition, saving the nation and people, loyalty and faithfulness, sparing no efforts in the performance of one's duty, grandiose monument, peace envoy, public servant for people and lasting provincialism.

Memorial Hall of Zhou Enlai
It is located in Taohuayin in Chuzhou District, about 1 kilometer away from the Former Residence of Zhou Enlai. Surrounded on three sides by waters, with beautiful scenery and magnificent buildings, it is a complex memorial hall quite systematically and completely showing the brilliant life of Zhou Enlai.

In January 6, 1992, this memorial hall was finally finished and open through careful design and construction with the kindness and hardworking of Huai’an people and people throughout the country. Memorial hall of Zhou Enlai is composed of Memorial Island, spacious river and green land around. Its total area comes up to 350,000 m2, of which 70% is water area. This memorial island is surrounded on three sides by water, on which there are main hall and additional halls; its total area comes up to 3,265 m2. The whole building, adopting the style of buildings domestic and abroad, highlighting its grandness as well as indicating the broad mind of Zhou Enlai, extremely presents remarkable character of this age.

The main part of Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall is situated upon the platform of an echelon-formed lawn, which indicates that Zhou Enlai is the son of all Chinese people and he is standing on the earth of motherland forever. With the height up to 26 meters, the main part of this museum is shaped like a cubic and it has eight angles inside. Such a cubic and octahedron shape indicates that the spirit of Zhou Enlai reaches all places and lands in China; and the finished museum will surely attract and welcome tourists from all around. The four granite columns means that Zhou Enlai once brought forward for four times the great conception of realization of four modernizations in China in 1954, 1962, 1964 and 1975. Such a conception is his goal he strived for forever as well as his political will he left. The sloping four-sides roof supported by columns makes people have a vision of the oxcart shed for irrigating the land on the ancient plain of Changjiang-Huaihe River and think of Zhou Enlai, like an old scalper, serving for people all of his life. At the same time such sloping four-sides roof makes people think of the Daidu Pavilion in the District of Lixiahe River of northern Jiangsu province. In 1910 Zhou Enlai once waited for boat in Daidu Pavilion beside the canal when left home for Northeast China, and went to the north of China by boat.
 
The main part of this memorial hall is faced with granite, simple and neat colored, but it is grandeur and solemn, standing for his loftiness, broad mind and amiable attitude. All the buildings in this museum is walled by granite and paved by caesious concrete square bricks; only blue and white are applied which indicates that although Zhou Enlai is high ranking he is frugal and clean.
 
The main hall is characterized by three floors. The up front door is carved with six gold-plated words “Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall”, which is inscribed by comrade Deng Xiaoping. Go upstairs from the front door, walking slowly and counting carefully, and there are exact 51steps, in memory of Zhou Enlai holding the founding premier of new People’s Republic of China as from 51 years old.

The lower floor is an exhibition hall; it displays 199 typical pictures and 48 items of that reflect each historical stage of Zhou Enlai; its 5 TV screens exhibit the brilliant life of Zhou Enlai through 8 sections.

The second floor is a hall for people visiting; inside of this hall, seated a white marble statue of Zhou Enlai of sitting posture. The height of this statue is 3.2 meters and the height of the base part of it is 1.5 meter and so far it is the biggest statue of Zhou Enlai of sitting posture in our country. The top of this visiting hall is made into a huge sunshade of light-colored glass; the sunshine can shine directly into this hall and spray on the white statue of sitting posture, and then in natural fusion of the hall and the universe, this hall seems grand and solemn, standing for a kind of spiritual mind forever.

The third floor is a sightseeing stand. Look far away the new appearance of the ancient city while looking nearly around the landscapes of lakes and rivers in the memorial hall. Looking out upon the front main hall from the sightseeing stand, there is a round plane made of marble in the semi-round lawn. The plaza seems like a half moon and the round plane seems like a red sun, which indicates the brilliant deeds of Zhou Enlai.

Facing the south of the main hall from the lake is a visiting station, standing in the same axis with the main hall and auxiliary halls; it is composed of corridor, pavilion and two 16 meters’ sword monuments. The sword monument is solid outside but empty inside, seems intangible but prevails over tangible, which indicates that Zhou Enlai left nothing for himself when he was alive, however his spiritual mind, virtue and deeds as a erecting monument, are living in hundreds of millions of people’s hearts. In the west built a white stone pavilion with four angles named “Huai En Pavilion”.

North of the main hall is the auxiliary hall. The auxiliary hall is a two-storey herringbone building, with a shape of bowing to the main hall, which means that Zhou Enlai, with the support of people, living in their life forever. Between the main hall and the auxiliary hall is a square pailou (a kind of construction) of 10 meters high. If looking down from the upper place, the top of the pailou and the auxiliary hall form two Chinese characters “August 1” which means Zhou Enlai lead the “August 1” Nanchang insurgence successfully. The auxiliary hall has two floors: the lower floor is equipped with show room of calligraphy and paintings, souvenirs service department and rest rooms for tourists; the upper floor is the office rooms and research room for information.

Changshu Shajiabang Tourism Area
Located near the Yangcheng Lake, this area has an area of 16700 square meters, and has over 400 photos about the anti-Japanese war.